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Aussiedoodle Health

Aussiedoodle health: a guide for new owners

Typical lifespan10–12 years
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Aussiedoodle health overview

The big picture

Lifespan and outlook

10–12years

Aussiedoodles typically live 10–12 years.

Like any cross, an Aussiedoodle can inherit health problems from either parent breed, the Australian Shepherd or the Poodle. Being a cross does not protect it from the ones both parent breeds share, such as hip dysplasia and some eye diseases. This page explains the conditions its parent breeds are known to be prone to, and what you can do about each one.

Everyday habits

A few everyday habits help you catch many problems early.

Test your puppy for drug sensitivity, keep your dog lean, book a yearly eye exam, and clean the ears after swims and baths.

Common Aussiedoodle health conditions

Worth knowing

A drug sensitivity, joint problems, eye problems, merle-linked deafness, skin problems and bloat are conditions its parent breeds are known to be prone to. Each one has simple steps that help.

This list is not exhaustive or official. Keep asking your veterinarian as your puppy grows.

01

Drug sensitivity

An Aussiedoodle can inherit a gene change from the Australian Shepherd side that makes some drugs risky.

What you might notice

A dog with the gene change can react badly to some sedatives and to high doses of certain parasite drugs.

What you can do

A cheek-swab DNA test shows your puppy's result. Share it with every vet, so drug choices can be adjusted for life.

02

Hips and elbows

Hip and elbow dysplasia happen when a joint does not form properly as a puppy grows. Both parent breeds can pass on hip dysplasia.

What you might notice

Watch for limping or a bunny-hopping run in a growing dog.

What you can do

Keep your puppy lean while it grows. Your vet can check the hips and elbows with X-rays.

03

Eyes

Both parent breeds can pass on cataracts, a clouding of the lens. Both can also pass on a slow loss of sight called progressive retinal atrophy (PRA).

What you might notice

Look for a cloudy eye, or trouble seeing in dim light.

What you can do

Book a yearly eye exam, and have a cloudy eye checked promptly.

04

Merle coats, hearing and eyes

Deafness from birth and some eye defects are linked to the merle coat pattern from the Australian Shepherd side. Puppies from two merle parents can be double merles, which are often deaf, blind or both.

What you might notice

Everyday behavior can hide deafness in one ear.

What you can do

Ask your vet about an eye exam and a hearing test called BAER (brainstem auditory evoked response) for a merle or mostly white puppy.

05

Skin

The Standard Poodle side can pass on sebaceous adenitis, a skin disease that causes scaling and hair loss.

What you might notice

Watch for scaly skin or patchy hair loss.

What you can do

If it lasts, your vet can take a small skin sample to find the cause.

06

Bloat in standard Aussiedoodles

Bloat is an emergency that runs in the Standard Poodle side, and it is mainly a concern for the standard size.

What you might notice

Retching, a swollen belly or restlessness means go to a vet at once.

What you can do

Feed measured meals, use a slow feeder for a fast eater, and skip hard exercise around mealtimes.

Questions about a Aussiedoodle puppy?
Talk to a puppy concierge about your family — it's free. Daily, 9AM–11PM EST.
See Aussiedoodle puppies → (888) 729-8812 Talk to a concierge

Less common conditions in the Aussiedoodle

Less common

Brain and nerves

Degenerative myelopathy (Australian Shepherd side): a slowly worsening weakness of the back legs in older dogs.

Brain and nerves

Seizures, called epilepsy (Australian Shepherd and Standard Poodle sides): tell your vet about any seizure.

Eyes

Collie eye anomaly (Australian Shepherd side): a defect at the back of the eye that a DNA test can find.

Eyes

Multifocal retinopathy (Australian Shepherd side): an eye disease that a DNA test can find.

Eyes

Extra eyelashes, called distichiasis (Australian Shepherd side): a vet can spot them at an eye exam.

Eyes

Persistent pupillary membranes (Australian Shepherd side): strands of tissue left inside the front of the eye.

Eyes

A gap in the iris or a small eye, called coloboma and microphthalmia (Australian Shepherd side): both are linked to merle.

Brain and nerves

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Australian Shepherd side): a nerve disease that a DNA test can find.

Brain and nerves

Neuroaxonal dystrophy (Miniature Australian Shepherd side): a slowly worsening weakness of the back legs in young adults.

Teeth and mouth

Missing teeth or an uneven bite (Miniature Australian Shepherd side): your vet checks the mouth.

Hormones

Addison's disease (Standard Poodle side): a hormone problem.

Brain and nerves

A brain disease of newborn puppies, known as NEwS (Standard Poodle side): a DNA test can find it.

Brain and nerves

A brain defect from birth, called polymicrogyria (Standard Poodle side): it can cause blindness.

Knees

Kneecaps that slip out of place, called patellar luxation (Miniature and Toy Poodle side): your vet checks the knees.

Eyes

An optic nerve that did not fully form, called optic nerve hypoplasia (Miniature Poodle side): it is present from birth.

Bones and joints

A form of dwarfism, called osteochondrodysplasia (Miniature Poodle side): a DNA test can find it.

Heart

A heart valve disease, called mitral valve disease (Miniature Poodle side): it usually starts late in life.

Hormones

Diabetes (Miniature and Toy Poodle side): the body makes too little insulin.

Breathing

A weak windpipe, called tracheal collapse (Toy Poodle side): extra weight makes the signs worse.

Hips

A hip problem from poor blood flow to the thigh bone, called Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (Toy Poodle side).

Teeth and mouth

Gum disease, called periodontal disease (Toy Poodle side): regular tooth care helps protect the gums.

Liver

A poorly formed blood supply to the liver, called portal vein hypoplasia (Toy Poodle side).

Spine

A weak joint between the first two neck bones, called atlantoaxial instability (Toy Poodle side): it is present from birth.

Aussiedoodle DNA tests

DNA tests

How it works

A cheek-swab DNA test can check your puppy for several inherited conditions from both parent breeds. The results describe your puppy, not its parents. Each result comes back as clear, carrier or at risk. A clear dog has no copy of the gene change. A carrier has one copy and is healthy. An at-risk dog has a higher chance of the disease, not a diagnosis, and many at-risk dogs never develop signs.

What the tests cover

The drug-sensitivity test works a little differently, because one copy of that gene change can already cause a reaction. That is why your own puppy's result is what counts.

Aussiedoodle vet checkups

Checkups your dog will get

Puppy visits
  • Your vet checks the eyes, the hearing and the bite, and the knees of toy and miniature puppies.
  • Your vet chooses vaccines and parasite drugs with your puppy's drug-sensitivity result in mind.
  • A merle or mostly white puppy can have a BAER hearing test and an eye check.
Young adult
  • Your vet keeps an eye on growth and weight, and on any limping.
  • It is a good time to talk with your vet about spaying or neutering.
  • If you want to know how the hips and elbows are doing, ask your vet about X-rays.
Adult
  • A yearly eye exam keeps watch for cataracts and PRA.
  • Ask for a thyroid check if you notice weight gain or coat and skin changes, which usually start between 2 and 5 years.
  • Before any sedation or surgery, remind the vet of your dog's drug-sensitivity result.
Senior years
  • Checkups move to twice a year.
  • Have any new lump or sudden weakness checked promptly.

Aussiedoodle life stages

Care plan by life stage

Stage 1

8 weeks to 6 months

  • Socialize widely in the first 3 months, and join a puppy class once your vet approves.
  • Feed measured puppy meals, 3 to 4 a day, to keep growth steady.
  • Start crate and house training, and handle the paws, ears and coat every day.
  • Watch the hearing and the eyes, and look for a slipping kneecap in toy and miniature puppies.
Questions at any stage? Talk to a puppy concierge.(888) 729-8812
Stage 2

6 to 18 months

  • Keep your dog lean through growth to protect the hips and elbows.
  • Switch to adult food at about a year, and keep up training and outlets for all that energy.
  • Watch for limping or bunny-hopping, and for early cataracts, since the Australian Shepherd type can appear in young dogs.
Questions at any stage? Talk to a puppy concierge.(888) 729-8812
Stage 3

Adult

  • Keep up dental care and the grooming schedule, and give at least an hour of exercise and mental work a day.
  • Watch for seizures, scaly skin or hair loss, and, in standards, the signs of bloat.
Questions at any stage? Talk to a puppy concierge.(888) 729-8812
Stage 4

Senior (from about 7–8 years, earlier for standards)

  • Support the joints with weight control, and keep up vision checks.
  • Watch for weakness in the back legs and for loss of night vision.
  • A cancer of the blood vessels, called hemangiosarcoma, occurs in Australian Shepherd lines, so sudden weakness needs a vet at once.
Questions at any stage? Talk to a puppy concierge.(888) 729-8812
1

8 weeks to 6 months

  • Socialize widely in the first 3 months, and join a puppy class once your vet approves.
  • Feed measured puppy meals, 3 to 4 a day, to keep growth steady.
  • Start crate and house training, and handle the paws, ears and coat every day.
  • Watch the hearing and the eyes, and look for a slipping kneecap in toy and miniature puppies.
2

6 to 18 months

  • Keep your dog lean through growth to protect the hips and elbows.
  • Switch to adult food at about a year, and keep up training and outlets for all that energy.
  • Watch for limping or bunny-hopping, and for early cataracts, since the Australian Shepherd type can appear in young dogs.
3

Adult

  • Keep up dental care and the grooming schedule, and give at least an hour of exercise and mental work a day.
  • Watch for seizures, scaly skin or hair loss, and, in standards, the signs of bloat.
4

Senior (from about 7–8 years, earlier for standards)

  • Support the joints with weight control, and keep up vision checks.
  • Watch for weakness in the back legs and for loss of night vision.
  • A cancer of the blood vessels, called hemangiosarcoma, occurs in Australian Shepherd lines, so sudden weakness needs a vet at once.

Aussiedoodle vet costs

Planning for Aussiedoodle vet costs

These are typical published costs for treating what an Aussiedoodle vet exam looks at and the conditions its parent breeds are known to be prone to. Each range shows where it comes from and when, and your own vet's estimate will differ.

On the exam Eyes
Eyes: typical published costs
ItemTypical costPerSourceYear
Specialist's first exam (consultation fee only)$198–$350per visitat US veterinary teaching hospitals (Michigan, Missouri, Tennessee)2023–2026
Eye tests before cataract surgery (ERG and eye ultrasound)$500–$1,300per workupat US veterinary teaching hospitals (Missouri, Tennessee)2025–2026
Cataract surgery, one eye$3,800–$5,500per eyeat one US veterinary teaching hospital (Missouri)2023–2025
Cataract surgery, both eyes under one anesthetic$5,600–$6,700at one US veterinary teaching hospital (Missouri)2025
See it in the exam →
On the exam Mouth and bite
Mouth and bite: typical published costs
ItemTypical costPerSourceYear
Dental disease care in the first 30 days after diagnosis (80th percentile of insurance claims)$1,284–$1,420per 30 days after diagnosisUS pet insurer claims data (US)2024–2025
See it in the exam →
On the exam Kneecaps
Kneecaps: typical published costs
ItemTypical costPerSourceYear
Specialist's first exam (consultation fee only)$198–$350per visitat US veterinary teaching hospitals (Michigan, Missouri, Tennessee)2023–2026
See it in the exam →
Known condition Tracheal collapse (from the Poodle Toy side)
Tracheal collapse (from the Poodle Toy side): typical published costs
ItemTypical costPerSourceYear
Collapsing trachea workup (before a stent)$2,000–$3,500per workupat one US veterinary teaching hospital (Missouri)2023
Tracheal stent placement$3,200–$3,600per procedureat one US veterinary teaching hospital (Missouri)2023
Tracheal stent, workup and placement together$5,900–$6,500per procedureat one US veterinary teaching hospital (Missouri)2023
Read about this condition →
Known condition Portal vein hypoplasia / microvascular dysplasia (from the Poodle Toy side)
Portal vein hypoplasia / microvascular dysplasia (from the Poodle Toy side): typical published costs
ItemTypical costPerSourceYear
Liver shunt workup (before any surgery)$1,622–$3,937per workupat one US veterinary teaching hospital (Tennessee)2026
Read about this condition →
Pet insurance is highly recommended.Insurance options ↓

Aussiedoodle pet insurance

Planning for pet insurance

When you are ready to compare plans, here is one option for Pawrade buyers.

MetLife Pet Insurance

MetLife Pet Insurance · 1 month included with every puppy†

Only with Pawrade, you receive a pet insurance policy with no waiting period included for immediate accident or illness coverage, 1 month, with every puppy.† You activate it by calling MetLife; instructions arrive with your travel details. Continuing MetLife coverage after the first month is strongly recommended.

View the MetLife 30-day offer →

†NH, NY, RI, SC and TN residents excluded. Activated by calling MetLife; coverage begins immediately following policy activation. See the offer for full terms.

Whichever plan you look at, read the policy before you buy. Check the waiting periods, how it defines a pre-existing condition, and its deductible, reimbursement percentage and annual limit.

Waiting periods, compared

A waiting period is how long after you buy a pet insurance policy before a claim counts.

Waiting periods, compared
Policy Accidents Illness Joints
MetLife policy included with your Pawrade puppy† None None None
MetLife, bought directly None 14 days Not listed
Industry standard 0–14 days 14–30 days 6–12 months
Nationwide 14 days 14 days Not listed
Trupanion 5 days 30 days 30 days
Embrace 2 days 14 days 6 months
Figo 1 day 14 days Not listed
Waiting periods vary by state; your policy governs. NerdWallet, "Pet Insurance Waiting Periods", 2025 Trupanion, "When does my coverage begin?", as posted 2026 MetLife Pet Insurance, "30-day offer", 2025

Aussiedoodle Veterinary Health Report

What the Veterinary Health Report checks

What the exam covers →

The breeder's licensed vet checks your puppy before it goes home. The vet follows PetPay's exam standards, and the results go in your puppy's Veterinary Health Report.

  1. 1Puppies must be at least 8 weeks old and weigh at least 2 lb before they travel.
  2. 2If the vet finds something that could put your puppy at risk during travel, your puppy stays with the breeder until it's resolved.
  3. 3Problems that can be treated before travel are treated by the breeder's licensed vet first.
  4. 4Anything else the vet notes is shared with you.
PetPay Veterinary Health Report form

16 areas checked on the exam

Closer look for AussiedoodlesOn every puppy's report
01 Heart Heart murmur, and how loud it is (grade) 02 Breathing How open the nostrils are · Coughing or congestion 03 Temperature, pulse and breathing rate Temperature · Pulse · Breathing rate 04 Focus Eyes Discharge · Vision problems · Eyelash problems · Cherry eye 05 Focus Ears and hearing Debris or discharge · Ear mites · Signs of infection · Hearing 06 Focus Mouth and bite Teeth and jaw alignment · Bite (overbite or underbite) 07 Skin and coat Fleas and ticks · Hair loss · Signs of infection 08 Focus Kneecaps Kneecaps that slip, and how much (grade) 09 Hips Hip pain 10 Hernias Belly-button (umbilical) hernia · Groin (inguinal) hernia 11 Soft spot on the skull An open soft spot, and its size 12 Body condition and weight Body condition score · Weight 13 Focus Reproductive organs Both testicles in place (males) · Extra skin folds around the vulva (females) 14 History of vomiting or diarrhea Any history of vomiting or diarrhea (reported, not examined) 15 Stool test for parasites Fecal flotation test, with any treatment given 16 Past surgery and notes Any past surgery · The vet's explanation of anything abnormal
Closer look for Aussiedoodles
Eyes Ears and hearing Mouth and bite Kneecaps Reproductive organs
On every puppy's report
Heart Breathing Temperature, pulse and breathing rate Eyes Ears and hearing Mouth and bite Skin and coat Kneecaps Hips Hernias Soft spot on the skull Body condition and weight Reproductive organs History of vomiting or diarrhea Stool test for parasites Past surgery and notes
Closer look for Aussiedoodles
Focus

Eyes

What the vet checks

The vet shines a light on the eyes to look for eyelash problems and for a cloudy lens or other sign of a vision problem.

Aussiedoodle note

A small eye or a gap in the colored part of the eye is something a veterinary eye specialist can confirm. Finer changes at the back of the eye need a veterinary eye specialist, so this check is a first look rather than the final word.

Focus

Hearing

What the vet checks

The vet watches how your puppy responds to sound.

Aussiedoodle note

For a merle or mostly white puppy, a follow-up BAER hearing test gives a definite answer, even for one ear.

Focus

Bite and mouth

What the vet checks

The vet checks that the jaws meet properly, with no overbite or underbite.

Focus

Kneecaps

What the vet checks

In toy and miniature puppies, the vet feels each knee to check that the kneecap stays in place.

Aussiedoodle note

A slipping kneecap (patellar luxation) runs in Miniature and Toy Poodles, the parents of the smaller sizes.

Focus

Testicles

What the vet checks

In male puppies, the vet feels for both testicles.

FocusEyes
What the vet checks

The vet shines a light on the eyes to look for eyelash problems and for a cloudy lens or other sign of a vision problem.

Aussiedoodle note

A small eye or a gap in the colored part of the eye is something a veterinary eye specialist can confirm. Finer changes at the back of the eye need a veterinary eye specialist, so this check is a first look rather than the final word.

FocusHearing
What the vet checks

The vet watches how your puppy responds to sound.

Aussiedoodle note

For a merle or mostly white puppy, a follow-up BAER hearing test gives a definite answer, even for one ear.

FocusBite and mouth
What the vet checks

The vet checks that the jaws meet properly, with no overbite or underbite.

FocusKneecaps
What the vet checks

In toy and miniature puppies, the vet feels each knee to check that the kneecap stays in place.

Aussiedoodle note

A slipping kneecap (patellar luxation) runs in Miniature and Toy Poodles, the parents of the smaller sizes.

FocusTesticles
What the vet checks

In male puppies, the vet feels for both testicles.

Honest limits

Puppies grow and change quickly, and their immune systems are still developing, so no exam can find everything. The exam is a strong early indicator and a documented starting point that your own vet builds on.

Once your puppy is home
  • Book a first visit with your own vet.
  • Your puppy's vaccination and deworming records are separate documents that travel with your puppy.
  • Bring them, with the Veterinary Health Report, to your first visit so your vet starts from the same record.
  • Before travel, every puppy follows PetPay's vaccination and deworming schedule as far as its age allows.
  • Bordetella and corona are given at the vet's discretion, and no vaccine is given within 3 days of travel.
  • Rabies is given by a licensed vet on the schedule your state requires.
  • Your own vet completes the series.
  • Your vet continues parasite prevention and chooses drugs with MDR1 in mind.
  • Hips and elbows are checked later with X-rays, which can start from about 4 months if you and your vet want them.
  • Plan a yearly eye exam, which keeps watch for cataract and a slow loss of sight called progressive retinal atrophy.

Aussiedoodle puppy health guarantee

Health guarantee

Every Pawrade puppy comes with a health guarantee administered by PetPay, independent of the seller. The terms are on the health guarantee page.

Health guarantee terms →

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Frequently asked questions about Aussiedoodle health

Frequently asked questions

An Aussiedoodle can inherit conditions its parent breeds are known to be prone to, from the Australian Shepherd and the Poodle. The ones most worth knowing about are a drug sensitivity, hip and elbow problems, eye problems such as cataracts, merle-linked deafness, skin problems and, in standards, bloat. Less common ones include seizures and, in the smaller sizes, kneecap and windpipe problems.

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Not automatically. An Aussiedoodle can inherit conditions common to both parent breeds, such as hip dysplasia, cataracts, a slow loss of sight (PRA) and epilepsy. A cheek-swab DNA test for your puppy and regular checkups still matter.

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A cheek-swab test for drug sensitivity is worth doing for any dog with an Australian Shepherd parent. The gene change can make a dog react badly to some sedatives and to high doses of certain parasite drugs. Once your vet knows the result, drug choices can be adjusted for life.

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Cheek-swab tests check for drug sensitivity, a slow loss of sight (PRA), an Australian Shepherd type of cataract, collie eye anomaly and degenerative myelopathy, among others. Each result is clear, carrier or at risk. A carrier has one copy of a gene change and is healthy. An at-risk result means a higher chance of the disease, not a diagnosis.

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Merle and mostly white Aussiedoodles should have a hearing test called BAER and an eye exam. BAER also picks up deafness in one ear, which a puppy's everyday response to sound can hide.

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Aussiedoodles typically live 10–12 years.

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Older Aussiedoodles see the vet twice a year, with weight control for the joints and regular vision checks. Watch for weak back legs, loss of night vision, lumps or sudden weakness.

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At the low doses used to prevent heartworm, ivermectin does not cause a reaction, according to the Australian Shepherd Club of America. The risk comes from higher doses and from other drugs, such as loperamide and acepromazine. Test your puppy for drug sensitivity, and tell every vet the result.

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Standard Aussiedoodles can be, because bloat runs in the Standard Poodle side of the family. Feed measured meals, use a slow feeder for a fast eater, avoid hard exercise around meals, and treat retching or a swollen belly as an emergency.

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Everyday habits do most of the work. Test for drug sensitivity, keep your dog lean and busy, book a yearly eye exam, and keep up grooming, ear and dental care.

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AKC
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Miniature American Shepherd Club of the USA, Inc.
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Poodle Club of America
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  • 2021 · Degenerative Myelopathy | OFA
  • 2021 · Sebaceous Adenitis | OFA
  • 2021 · Eye Certification | OFA
  • 2021 · Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis | OFA
  • 2025 · Neuroaxonal Dystrophy (NAD1) - OFA
  • 2021 · Legg-Calve-Perthes | OFA
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Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Canine Medicine and Genetics
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American journal of veterinary research
  • Marmor et al. · 1982 · Epizootiologic patterns of diabetes mellitus in dogs. · American journal of veterinary research · PMID 7073062
Veterinary Sciences
  • Konstantinidis et al. · 2023 · Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats: Classification, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis · Veterinary Sciences · PMID 36851464
Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI
  • Panya-ud et al. · 2026 · Correlation Between Outcomes of Surgical Correction of Atlantoaxial Instability in Small Dogs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities · Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI · PMID 42121767
PLOS ONE
  • Itoh et al. · 2024 · Relationship between clinical parameters and malformations in dogs diagnosed with atlanto-axial instability · PLOS ONE · PMID 38324604
Washington State University (Program in Individualized Medicine / WADDL)
  • Accessed 2026 · Dog breeds commonly affected by MDR1 mutation | Program in Individualized Medicine | Washington State University
  • Accessed 2026 · MDR1 testing | Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory | Washington State University
  • Accessed 2026 · MDR1 test pricing | Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory | Washington State University
PetMD
  • 2023 · Aussiedoodle Dog Breed Health and Care | PetMD
  • 2024 · The 16 Most Popular Types of Doodle Dogs | PetMD
  • 2022 · Doodle Dogs 101 | PetMD
VCA Animal Hospitals
  • 2024 · Cataracts in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals
  • 2024 · Spaying in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals
  • 2023 · Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease | VCA Animal Hospitals
AAHA
  • 2019 · Canine Life Stage - Puppy
  • 2019 · Behavior
University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center
  • 2023 · Tracheal Collapse: Medical Management Versus Implantable Stents
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
  • Accessed 2026 · Tracheal collapse
University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine
  • 2020 · Tracheal Collapse | College of Veterinary Medicine
American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS)
  • 2023 · Tracheal Collapse - American College of Veterinary Surgeons
The Journal of Small Animal Practice
  • O'Neill et al. · 2021 · Epidemiology of periodontal disease in dogs in the UK primary‐care veterinary setting · The Journal of Small Animal Practice · PMID 34374104
Merck Veterinary Manual
  • 2026 · Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Digestive System of Dogs - Dog Owners - Merck Veterinary Manual
The Kennel Club (UK)
  • Accessed 2026 · Australian Shepherd | Breeds A to Z | The Kennel Club
  • Accessed 2026 · Poodle (Miniature) | Breeds A to Z | The Kennel Club
  • Accessed 2026 · Poodle (Toy) | Breeds A to Z | The Kennel Club
Embark Veterinary
  • Accessed 2026 · Aussiedoodle
Orivet Genetic Pet Care
  • Accessed 2026 · Aussiedoodle - Full Breed Profile
AVSAB
  • Accessed 2026 · AVSAB Position Statement
Frontiers in Veterinary Science
  • Kim et al. · 2024 · A retrospective study of tracheal collapse in small-breed dogs: 110 cases (2022–2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · PMID 39205804
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